EXPERIMENTS
ON GRAVITATIONAL FORCES
DETECTION OF DOPPLER-FORCES?
by
Christoph Schultheiss
D-76527
Pfinztal, Edith-Stein-Weg 5
Edited 1986
(last correction October 2007)
Please
note: This paper bases on an early assumption, that
Photon Doppler shifts are an energy form which is emitted or absorbed during
energy conservation processes and are expected to lead to measurable forces in
the vicinity of such processes. Quite similar expectations, but without
creation of “Doppler shift energy quanta”, are valid with anisotropic photon
pool theatre (similar to that of Casmir’s Zero Point Radiation) as it is
sketched in the new paper with the title: “Photonic Mass
Model”. Since both models describe anisotropic energy flux on the basis of
the energy law, which penetrates masses and interacts, the following experiment
is true for both theories.
The zero point
photon theatre in space also includes a hint to an embedded thermal spectrum
with cosmic ultra long wavelength photons, which may be responsible for mass
attraction respectively gravitational forces between masses (Gravitational
mass attraction caused by ultra long wavelength photons).
Therefore please do
not consider the Theory of Doppler forces in Chap II too serious
CONTENTS
Abstract
I
Introduction
II Local forces caused by pool polarisation
III The torsion balance
measure system
1. Introduction
2. Specification of
the torsion balance
IV The flywheel
experiment
1. Introduction
2. Experimental
set-up
3. Measurements
4. Interpretation
of the measured Signals
V The nozzle
experiment
1. Introduction
2. The experimental
arrangement
3. Force, generated by the
nozzle, measured by means of the
torsion balance
4. Measurement of
the force-profile
5. Distance law of
the force
6. Influence of the
beam-stop distance
7. Influence of the
baffle wall inclination
8. Negative result
using an air nozzle
9. Discussion of
the results
VI The ' Open Force' experiment
1. Introduction
2. Experimental
device
3. Measurements
4. Discussion of
the 'Open Force' experiment
VII Conclusion
Detection of Doppler forces?
Christoph Schultheiss
Edith Stein Weg 5, D-76327 Pfinztal
Federal Republic of Germany
Abstract
In
a microscopic model - called Mirror Mass Model - the transition of photon into
kinetic energy can be investigated in detail. The procedure is a continuous
reflecting of a photon between two parallel mirrors of mass. It comes out that
the conservation of energy is mainly determined by Doppler shift processes;
i.e. nearly the whole energy of the photon vanishes by means of the Doppler
red-shift. If a photon is generated, the energy is essentially won by Doppler
violet- shift. This is supposed to be valid for all processes with energy
conservation. Diverse experiments are carried out to make this Doppler energy
flow visible by means of interaction forces with probes of masses. The results
of these experiments are that a weak force in the environment of processes with
energy conservation is measurable and that this force is open. With the aid of
a low-power device (2W), accelerations of about 10-6 m/s2
are available. In the very vicinity of one device used, accelerations with
intensity of 10-3 m/s2 can be estimated. The consequences
which result from this new force are discussed shortly.
I. Introduction
The
conservation of energy as well as the conservation of momentum and angular
momentum are empirical laws. After all they depend on the structure of space:
The homogeneity of time implies the conservation of energy; the homogeneity and
isotropy of space imply the conservation of momentum and rotation. Hitherto it
-seemed certain that these three laws of conservation are independent from the
point of view of common relativistic theory.
The aim of this paper is to demonstrate theoretically and experimentally
that the conservation of energy can be explained by the conservation of
momentum; i.e. the energy law is not a fundamental law!
At
first a microscopic model is presented, which demonstrates the conservation of
energy between a photon, a mass system and the space by using mainly the law of
momentum. Secondly three different experiments will be presented to investigate
the properties of the space in the environment of different processes in which
conservation of energy takes place.
II. The Mirror Mass Model
A
photon with the energy hν suffers an
energy-lack if it was emitted from an inertial system S in rest to an inertial
system S', that moves away from the system S with the velocity v. The
energy-lack caused by the Doppler shift leads in first order of v/c to the new
energy state:
(1)
For
the following it is of interest to reflect the photon from the inertial system
S' back to the inertial system S by means of a mirror. The state of motion of
the inertial system S' with the mass m' is changed by the absorption and
emission of the photon. For simplification, the reflection is to be assumed
without dissipation of energy. For the absorption of the photon in the inertial
system S' the conservation of momentum leads to:
(2)
By the
absorption impact of the photon onto the mass of the inertial system S' the
energy transfer amounts to:
(3)
This energy is an additional, lack for the photon. In first order
of v/c the photon energy results to:
(4)
In analogy to the absorption, the photon suffers another
energy-lack by the emission of the inertial system S'. After the transformation
back to the inertial system S the energy of the photon becomes finally:
(5)
It is the main subject of this model to change the energy of the photon
into kinetic energy by continuous reflections in the system S,S'.
For
simplification, the mass of the system S is assumed to be unlimited; by this
way the energy transfer to this mass is unlimited small. Furtherward,
the system S is also provided with a 100% reflecting mirror, which is
positioned to reflect an oncoming photon back to S' (see fig.1). It is easy to
realize that after an unlimited number of reflections the state of movement of
the mass m' follows undoubtedly
,
(6)
if the initial velocity of the
system S,S' was zero. This allows the following conclusion:
After
the n-th reflection, the quotient between the energy
lack due to the Doppler mechanism and to the impact is (see equ.5):
(7)
This is a very
important statement of the model. It suggests that in processes with a high
number of n nearly the whole energy of the photon escapes by Doppler-shift.
In the inversion
of this process - the system S' moves toward
the
system S - the violet Doppler shift successively feeds
energy into the photon.
These
facts lead to the assumption that in each case the space casually can absorb
and desorbs energy in the course of processes with energy conservation.
To
demonstrate this model more detailed and to win an n- depending framework of
formulas we will start with the following ansatz of
the Doppler shift in first order of v/c:
(8)
Fig.l
Arrangement of mirrors, masses and the photon in the model
The direct energy and momentum transfer is neglected. The equation (8)
can be changed into a differential equation basing upon the variable:
(9)
whereat in this
approximation the sum can be changed into an integral
(10)
The
differentiation of equation (10) leads to the following differential equation:
(11)
The solution of equation (11) is:
(12)
After
(13)
reflections in this
approximation, the energy of the photon vanishes. To get the final velocity of
the system S', equation (12) must be integrated over the number n of
reflections:
(14)
The result of the iteration is:
(15)
By inserting 
into equation (15), equation (6) comes
out.
This
model - which one should shortly call Mirror-Mass-Model (MMM) -shows for a
special, but in nature also very important process, that conservation of energy
means in a hitherto unknown way a flow of Doppler energies from or into the
space.
A further
going question is whether the upper sentential of a Doppler energy flow in
space is valid for all accelerated masses, not depending on the source of
forces.
In
chapter III this questions will be investigated experimentally, whereat in
different processes of conservation of energy significant effects, which can be
interpreted as forces which will be generated by a Doppler energy flow, will be
found.
At
the end of this chapter, some remarks on the Mirror-Mass-Model presented here
have to be done. It was not the ain of this paper to make a very simple
introduction into this theory. Naturally it can be calculated fully
relativistic and it has been done. However, the main point is to show that
energy conservation essentially is a v/c-order effect. Einstein recommended
experimentalists not to look for predicted force effects in the vicinity of
accelerated masses because of too small effects. Such effects, derived from the
general theory of relativity, are of (v/c)2
- order!
A
second remark relates to equation (3). The direct energy – and momentum
transfer to the inertial system S' by the impact of the photon demands the
knowledge of the energy law. Though the impact process is a very small partial
process in contrast to the Doppler shift, it appears to be inconsequent. In any
case this is not a real problem, because a sub-'-MMM-process can be found if an
artificial mirror mass m* with the momentum of the photon is assumed. This
mirror mass m* interacts with m respectively m'. However, again equation (3) is
valid in this sub-process. To avoid this, one has to construct a next
under-system and so on.
Finally,
in the development of the theory (equ.1 and equ.15), it was argued with the
word 'energy'. On the other hand this paper aimed to substitute energy with momentum.
Especially with the second remark on the MW; it is indeed possible to
substitute the energy hν
and ½mv2 by h/λ and mv
consequently.-
III. The torsion balance measure
system
1.
Introduction
The goal of the experiments is to detect very weak forces. If one
assumes a Doppier power-density j in the environment
of a process with energy conservation, a reasonable minimum acceleration of a
nucleon that is penetrated by the Doppler energy flow is:
(16)
In equ.16
the cross-section σ= 1,4 10-2 b, which
corresponds to the area of a proton. Under these assumptions for a power
density of 1 Watt/cm2, an acceleration of about 3.10-8
m/s can be expected.
2.
Specification of the torsion balance
To measure such weak accelerations respectively weak forces, an
extremely sensitive torsion balance has been constructed. The torsion pendulum
is of light plastic with a radius of 4.5 cm. On the one end of the pendulum a
lead-tin alloy is mounted and on the other end a small mirror is fixed with its
surface normally directed to the radius. The weight of each mass is 0.2 g . The total weight of the torsion balance is 0.5 g. The
torsion balance is attached to a 27 cm long fiber of
glass, with a diameter of 1 µm. The restoring torque corresponds to 2.10-10
kgm2 /s2 . The torsional oscillation time is about six minutes. The
torsion balance is installed in a glass container that can be evacuated to 1
Pa. To shield the balance from heath-radiation and electrical fields, it was
surrounded by some sheath of metallized plastic foil.
A
weak light source - vertically positioned and small - was observed by a
telescope with a focus of 90 cm from a distance of 2.5 m (fig.2). The movements
of the pendulum are observed by a videcon camera
which is fixed at the end of the telescope and plotted by means of an x,t- recorder. By electronic
methods a linear electrical Signal in reference to the position of the incident
beam was won with the videcon camera and smoothed out
by means of an active three-step Tschebytscheff
filter, with integration times between 0.5 to 4 s. To suppress signal-shift,
generated by slow superpositioned movements of the
balance, the signal was differentiated by a R-C-component
finally; i.e. the electrical signal delivers the velocity and the direction of
the rotation of the pendulum.
Fig.2
Scheme of the torsion balance measure system
Figure
(3) show a test of the sensitivity of the torsion balance. The mutual gravitational
attraction between a mass of 120 g and the masses of the torsion pendulum can
be detected easily. The mass was positioned tangential in a distance of 4 cm to
one mass of the pendulum and then taken away. About 100 s later the position of
the mirror runs out of the detectable area of the measure system described
above. The calculated acceleration of the pendulum masses is about 2.10-9
m/s2 . The ratio between noise and signal
in fig.2 indicates a sensitive border in the range of 10-11 m/s2, that corresponds to the gravitational force
of a mass of ~ 1 g in the position described above; i.e. the torsion balance
has the Potential to detect local Doppler power-densities even if the cross-
section is much smaller than 10-5 b.
Fig.3 Sensitivity test of the torsion
balance measuring system. A mass of 120 g, positioned near to one mass of
the pendulum, was taken away. The fluctuation of the signal corresponds to an
acceleration of 10-11 m/s2.
IV. The flywheel experiment
I. Introduction
An
optimal system to generate Doppler forces would be a device similar to the one
presented in the Mirror-Mass-Model in chapter I. However, the light forces are
much too small to be of experimental use. So, one has to take - for instance -
a mechanical oscillator and to hope, that the Doppler energy flow in energy
conservation processes is universal as already mentioned in the remarks at the
end of chap. I. Since the expected forces are very weak and difficult to differ
from small movements of the torsion pendulum, a periodical experiment was
preferred.
2. Experimental set-up
The chosen mechanical oscillator was a flywheel of aluminium with a
diameter of 48 cm, a thickness of 2 cm and a weight of 10 kg. The momentum of
inertia is 0.28 kgm2 . The drive of the
flywheel is a cord of rubber fibres, 60 cm long and 3 cm in diameter. A sketch
of the experimental set-up is shown in fig.4. The rubber drive was chosen to
avoid diamagnetic effects caused by magnetic fields and radiometer forces,
caused by the heat radiation of an electrical motor, in the torsion balance.
The torsional oscillation frequency of the flywheel
amounts to 0.05 Hz. The disk of the flywheel was positioned in the same plane
as the torsion pendulum (see fig.4). The distance between the disk and the
masses of the pendulum varied between 1 and 4 cm.
3. Measurements
Before
each measurement, the disk of the flywheel had been rotated completely 10 times
and fixed in this position until the torsion balance was in rest. In each case
the torsion balance was filled with air. The gas pressure varies between 500
and 1013 hPa. The stored energy can be estimated to
100 J, the average power to 10 W.
In correlation with the beginning of the angular acceleration of the flywheel,
relatively strong periodical signals were measured whenever the distance
between the disk and the pendulum was in the order of 1 cm. Figure 5 shows a
plot of the signals recorded by an x,t-
recorder. After each experiment the torsion pendulum rotated slowly (1mm/60s)
in the opposite direction to that of the flywheel in the beginning of the
experiment (see fig.4). More distant positions between the flywheel and the
pendulum mass show a roughly quadratic decreasing effect.
Besides the metallized plastic foil which covered the glass vessel a 1 mm sheet of lead was fixed between the disk and the glass vessel in some experiments. Statistically no reduction of the effect was observed.
Fig.4 Side view onto the system flywheel
- torsion balance. The sense of rotation drawn in indicates the initial
movement of the flywheel which is opposite to the final movement of the
pendulum.
Fig.5 Movements of the torsion balance
induced by the oscillating flywheel. The signs drawn in indicate the standstill
of the flywheel (
).
4. Discussion of the measured signals
Figure 6 shows - vertically arranged - the velocity of the pendulum
mirror (here approximated by a sin wt function), the sign and intensity of the
acting force on the low-distant pendulum mass (mirror), the angular velocity
ω and the angular acceleration 
over a whole
oscillation period of the flywheel. The force can be interpreted as
(17)
depending not only on
the force, mass particles experienced in the flywheel, but also on the actual
velocity of the mass particles. A reasonable ansatz
for the force will be:
(18)
f(r): Distance
law (see III.3)
a : Average
acceleration of the mass points in the flywheel
v : Average
velocity of the mass points of the flywheel
Equation (18) follows from equation (16) if j is substituted:
(19)
Here
σ/A represents the distance law. The force scales linear in v/c
The average
tangential force, respectively the average tangential acceleration of a mass
particle in the outer radius of the flywheel, can be estimated to 5 m/s2 , the average velocity to 2 m/s. Equation (19)
delivers an acceleration - corresponding to F - in the order of 3*10-8
m/s2 However, the measured acceleration is higher. With an estimated
maximum velocity of the pendulum masses of 10-5 m/s, the accelerations
must be in the order of 10-6 m/s .
In the frame
of the upper assumptions the measured acceleration hints to a cross-section in
the order of 1b.
of flywheel Flywheel
Fig.6
With respect to a full oscillation period of the flywheel the measured
velocity of the pendulum-mirror probe, acting force, angular velocity and
acceleration are vertically arranged. A force proportional to 
seems
to be responsible for the force on the pendulum probe.
V.
The nozzle experiment
1.
Introduction
The
aim of this experiment is to localize the energy conversion in a small volume.
By this way the power density of the Doppler flow, respectively the strength of
Doppler forces on the torsion balance, will be enlarged. Further ward the
choice of a linear acceleration axis in contrast to the rotational axis in the chapter
before promises more detailed information about the distribution of the Doppler
flow and forces.
The
average power of the flywheel was - as mentioned before - 10 H. The power
density is very low, since the power is distributed over the whole volume of
the flywheel. In the following experiments the linear acceleration of masses
will be realized by pressing a fluid through a nozzle. The power density of
this process is:
(20)
P
is the power, A the final area of the nozzle and ρ the specific weight of
the fluid. Equation (20) demonstrates that the best result can be achieved with
a high speed fluid beam of low specific weight.
If
water, which is pressed out of the nozzle with a velocity of 20 m/s is used, power densities of about 3*107 W/m2
can be achieved in the cross section of the beam. The conversion of pressure-
into kinetic energy takes place in the contracting nozzle, especially in the
very end. Here a reduction of the nozzle radius of about 20% doubles the
kinetic energy of the fluid. In the short nozzle (Tab.I)
the input of kinetic energy into the beam is therefore more divergent than in a
long one. If there is a correlation between the Doppler flow
respectively the Doppler forces with the direction of the accelerated masses,
differences between the nozzles mentioned above should occur.
In
this section the profile- and the distance law of the forces generated by
nozzles will be presented. Furthermore experiments, concerning the problematic
nature of the beam-stop will be carried out.
The
distance between the nozzle and the baffle wall (beam-stop) as well as the
inclination of the baffle wall are parameters, which determine the strength of
the measured forces in the torsion balance.
2.
The experimental arrangement
Table
I shows the data of the small-power electrical pump, the nozzles and the beam
used in the following experiments:
Table I. Properties
of water pump, nozzles and beam:
Power of the
pump
40 Watt
Number of
pulses
23 per second
Duty-cycle
0.33
Length of nozzle #
1
3 mm
Length of nozzle #
2
25 mm
Contracting
from
2 mm to 0.5 mm
(Cross section of
the nozzle)
Velocity of the
beam
25 m/s
Mass per
pulse
0.4 gr
Pulse-power
7 Watt
Pulse-power-density
3 107 Watt/m2
(In the cross
section of the beam)
Figure
7 shows the experimental set-up on the top view. In addition lines are drawn
in, demonstrating the different shifts in position of nozzle and beam stop. The
electrical motor pump in the distance of 50 cm seems to have no influence on
the balance in respect to the forces measured in the following section.
Fig.7
Experimental set-up of the nozzle measurement. The line A shows the
direction of the displacement in the force profile experiment (see cap.V.4),
whereat line B and C indicate the direction of displacement in the distance-law
measurement (see cap.V.5), respectively the beam-stop measurement (see
cap.V.6).
3.
Force, generated by nozzles, measured by means of the torsion balance
This
experiment was carried out to check whether an effect could be detected at all,
respectively to win information about the magnitude of the forces.
In a distance of 7 to 9 cm the nozzle axis was directed to one of the
masses of the pendulum, whereat the pendulum axis and the nozzle axis are
mutually perpendicular. The water beam was emitted to the opposite direction
and bounced against a baffle wall after a distance of 40 to 50 cm. In most
cases the single experiment lasted between 120 to 180 s. The pressure in the
glass vessel of the balance was 1013 hPa air. A
report about experiments in vacuum will follow. Figure 8 shows some results of
the measurements with the short nozzle (see Tab.I),figure 9 with the long nozzle.
In
both cases the function s = ½. at2 was
fitted to the measured points. The magnitude of the acceleration is 10-6m/s2 . This experiment was repeated about 200 times
with light variations in the position of the nozzle.
After
each experiment the air in the glass vessel of the balance was in circulation
so that after the water pump had been switched off, it took some hours until
the normal oscillation period of 6 min of the torsion balance around the
zero-point could be observed again. Depending on the time between two
experiments - normally three hours-, the statistical deviation of the
acceleration amounts to 50%. In the short-nozzle-experiments it was often
observable that the forces working on the balance are repulsive at first and
then –after about two minutes - attractive.
From
time to time a 1 mm sheet-metal of lead or a 0.2 mm sheet of iron was fixed
between the balance and the nozzle. Within the statistical error, no shielding
effect could be observed.
Obviously
the gas filling of the balance was also brought into movements by the force
generated in the nozzle. Therefore experiments were carried out with the
evacuated vessel. The forces measured now where one magnitude weaker and mostly
repulsive for short and long nozzles.
These
results are only understandable if one assumes that the forces mainly work on
the gas filling. In this case the pendulum of the balance mainly indicates the
movement of the gas by means to be carried around by frictional contact.
Another interpretation of the upper interaction is that the cross section for
these forces (see equ.16) is larger for light gasses than for dense material.
Fig.8
Response of the gas-filled torsion balance to the forces,
generated by the 'short'
nozzle. The acceleration relates
to the masses of the
pendulum.
Fig.9
Response of the gas-filled torsion balance to the forces,
generated by the 'long'
nozzle. The acceleration relates
to the masses of the
pendulum.
4. Measurement of the force-profile
In chapter V.3. the axis of the long nozzle was directed to one of the masses
of the torsion balance. In this measurement the position of the nozzle is
shifted perpendicular to the former connection line between the nozzle - mass of pendulum. In fig.7 the change in position
is shown by the line A. The result of this measurement which was made with a
hydrogen gas filling of the torsion balance is shown in fig.10. The force
effect decreases slowly with increasing displacement. Judged by means of the
gas-filled torsion balance, the force obviously is rather divergent.
Fig.10
Measurement of the force profile. The dotted line indicates the
zero-position (see fig.7, line A)
5. Distance law of the force
A
few measurements are carried out to win information about the distance law of
the force generated by the nozzle device. The experimental situation allowed a
maximum distance of 73 cm between the nozzle and the balance (see line B in
fig.7). Along the axis defined by the mass of the gas filled balance - nozzle -
baffle wall, the distance of the long nozzle (see tab.I)
in respect to the balance was enlarged (line B in fig.7). Figure 11 shows the
result of the measurement. An 1/r - fit to the
measured points is drawn in, which shows a relatively good agreement.
This
result has to be compared with the result of the next section, which shows
clearly that the distance measurement will get in conflict with another
parameter of the process.
Fig.11 Measurement of the distance law of the
force by moving the nozzle
away from the torsion balance, whereat the
baffle wall is in fixed position.
The drawing contents a 1/r -fit to the measured points.
6. The influence of the beam-stop distance
The
stopping of the water beam by means of a perpendicular- or anyhow inclined
baffle wall is a process of energy conservation, too. Unfortunately it is not
possible to describe the deceleration of the fluid particles hitting the wall
in detail. In the frame of the Mirror-Mass-Model (see chap.II),
Doppler energies are absorbed of the space in the environment of the nozzle and
desorbed around the baffle wall. So if the distance in between vanishes, force
effects are also expected to vanish.
The long nozzle (see tab.I) is positioned as
before, i.e. directed to one of the masses of the gas filled balance. The
distance of the baffle wall could be varied from 8 cm to 70 cm (see line C in
fig.7). The distance 0 cm was realized by shooting the beam directly into the
opening of a small pipe.
The
result of the measurement (see fig.12) is that the shooting into the opening of
the pipe makes the force effect vanish nearly entirely.
Fig.12
Dependence of the measured force in the gas-filled torsion balance, if the
distance between the long nozzle and the baffle wall is varied from 0 cm to 70
cm. The distance between nozzle and balance amounts to 9 cm.
With
increasing distance of the baffle wall, the force effect on the balance grows
slowly. If the distance between the nozzle and the wall is about double the
distance between the balance and the nozzle, the force effect inclines rapidly.
However, if the distance in between amounts to more than 50
cm, the force effect dies out again. These measurements show clearly
that one has not only to take the forces coming from the nozzle in account, but
also those of the baffle wall.
7. The influence of the baffle wall inclination
In
the course of the experiments some effects of bad reproduction of the results
have their origin in the inclination of the baffle wall in respect to the beam
direction. Figure 13 shows a measurement concerning this problem. Only for a
small angle region a high effect in the balance is observable. The reason for
this behaviour may be a change in the direction of the deceleration of the beam
hitting the wall.
-30 -20 -10
0 10 20 30 α in Grad
Fig.13 Influence of the inclination of the baffle wall in respect to
the beam axis on the -Force effect
8. Negative result using an air nozzle
Instead
of a fluid nozzle in some experiments an air nozzle was used. In this nozzle
compressed air (100 - 200 bar) was able to expand
within some millimetres. No effect on the torsion balance could be observed.
This experiment serves as a hint that a process with energy conservation is
necessary to generate such forces. In this case except for the Van der Waal's interaction the
expansion of air is a process with no change of entropy; i.e. the velocity of
the gas molecules do not change.
9. Discussion of the measurements
The experiments of nozzle generated forces, measured by the torsion
balance, lead to the following conclusions:
8.1.
The force seems to be rather divergent, respectively the force gradient is low
(see fiq.5). Differences between the long and the short nozzle are detectable. This
may be a hint, that the divergence of the force is correlated with the
divergence of the accelerated fluid particles.
8.2. In a hitherto not understood way, the force is coupled more sensitive
to the gas filling in the torsion balance than to the pendulum. Typically for
this is the strong hydrodynamic response of the movements in the gas-filling
against slight changes of the inclination of the baffle wall.
8.3. The nozzle in combination with the beam stop generates something
like a dipole force-system, whose force effect on the balance dies out, if the
measure system is sufficient far away, respectively too near to one of the
'charges' of the dipole.
8.4
In addition to 8.3, the vanishing of the force effect - if the distance between
nozzle and baffle wall is low - is the most important experimental support that
such a force is existent.
8.5 Basing on the maximum acceleration of
the masses in the pendulum of 10-6 m/s2 and
assuming an 1/r distance law of the force, one can conclude accelerations of 10-3
m/s2 in the very vicinity of the nozzle.
8.6
The use of gas instead of water as a nozzle fluid leads to a negative result.
This indicates that in a process in which no power conversion takes place a
force effect could not be observed.
In
summary one can say that the gas-filled torsion balance measure system is a
tool that succeeds to detect forces originated by the acceleration and
deceleration of masses in the nozzle - beam stop system. Nevertheless further
detailed statements on the structure of the forces are not possible because of
complicated hydrodynamic processes in the gas filling.
VI. The 'Open Force' experiment
1. Introduction
The measured forces in the environment of processes with conservation of
energy are supposed to be originated by a Doppler flow into or from the space.
This Statement is essentially supported by the shielding experiments, which
gives no hint that the nature of this force can be compared with electric, magnetic
or electromagnetic forces. Following the MMM, a to the
model-axis symmetric flow of Doppler energies is predicted if the energy of a
photon is converted into kinetic energy.
This
flow presumably takes place with the speed of light. All masses on both sides
of the axis, which are penetrated in any distance by the flow, will experience
a force.
In
this frame the nature of the force is open.
Consequently
the next step is to test whether the force is open or not.
2. The experimental device
To
carry out the experiments, again a torsion balance device was chosen. In
contrast to the balance before (see chap.III.), this
torsion balance has to carry a motor-pump, pipes, a closed cylindrical vessel
which contains the nozzle on the one side and the baffle wall at the other side
and diverse interaction weights. Figure 14 shows the arrangement, which is
attached on a 150 cm long and 0.2 mm in diameter steel wire. Around the
pendulum itself a housing of bricks was built up in order to shield it from air
movements in the experimental area. The current supply of the electrical pump
is provided by the steel wire on the one side and a helix-winded 0.1 mm copper
wire positioned in the torsion axis with a length of 1 m on the other side.
Some
weights and proportions of the torsion balance shown in fig.14 are listed in
table II.
Fig 14 Arrangement of the 'Open Force' torsion balance
The movements of the balance are picked up by a light barrier device. A
wedge-shaped aperture - mounted at one end of the pendulum - limits the
intensity of a light source to an optical diode-probe (both fixed on ground).
By this way a linear growing electrical signal in respect to the displacement
of the pendulum was received and plotted on an x,t- recorder.
The
moment of inertia of the pendulum without additional weights amounts to 0.0626
kgm2 and the oscillation time to 540 s. As one can see in fig.14, in
relation to the torsion plane of the pendulum the fluid circuit generates a
circular momentum that leads to an initial angular velocity of the balance,
after the pump has been switched on. So before each measurement the initial
rotation of the pendulum has to be stopped first.
Before
the experiments the magnitude of interaction between the intrinsic magnetic
field of the electrical motor and the terrestrial magnetic field were checked
out. In a first step the magnetic field of the electrical motor was shielded by
a sheet metal cover of iron. In a second step the terrestrial magnetic field
was shielded by means of a large external magnetic coil. In result the
measurements deliver a weak magnetic acceleration of aM = -5*10-7 m/s2 measured
at M the height of the light barrier. The negative sign of aM
indicates an anti-clockwise sense of rotation.
About
100 s after the switch-on of the motor the heat of the motor breaks through the
shielding and generates a convectional streaming in the air. That leads to an
increasing counter-acceleration, which over- compensates the magnetic
acceleration. The estimated average acceleration over the whole measuring time
(240 s) due to the heat and magnetic deflection is aH
= +5*10-7 m/s2. Figure 15, curve A, demonstrate a plot of
the displacement of the pendulum as a function of time.
These
measurements were carried out with a 'dry' working pump; i.e. in absence of the
water beam.
A
zero-point fluctuation is to observe, which results from a remanent
magnetisation of the motor device depending on the phase-position of the A.C.
power-supply at the switch-off time.
By
means of a slow decrease of the A.C.-power at the end of each experiment this
effect has become weak.
Table
II. Weights and proportions of the torsion balance
Weight
of the
pendulum:
1480 g
Weight of the motor,
pump
900 g
Weight of the
vessel
30 g
Weight of the
water-filling
135 g
Weight of the interaction
masses
40 g
Overall length of the
pendulum
60 cm
Length of the
vessel
20 cm
Diameter of the
vessel
8 cm
Radius position
motor
13.5 cm
Radius position nozzle-baffle
wall
40 cm
Radius position light barrier measure
system
46 cm
Input-power of the
motor
45 W
Average power of the
pump
2 W
3. The measurements
Since the nozzle, the baffle wall, the water-filling and the pendulum
device in the vicinity are of mass itself, the forces generated in the nozzle -
beam-stop system are interacting with it. If the forces are closed no resulting
torque on the balance is to be expected. If not, the given mass distribution
around the sources of the forces can lead to a resulting force on the pendulum
which leads to a circular rotation.
So
the first experiment will be concentrated on a search for a resulting force on
the balance without additional masses positioned around.
In
figure 15, curve B and C represent typical acceleration measurements, which show
a clockwise deflection effect, which gives a first hint that the generated
force is open. The acceleration ranges between a = +2*10-5 to +7*10-6
m/s2 , which relates to the
height of the light
barrier (see Tab.II) again and is further ward
designated with the intrinsic acceleration effect.
Fig.15 Acceleration
measurement of the 'Open Force' torsion balance without and with additional
weights positioned in the vicinity of the nozzle.
Curve A: Dry working pump. Curve B and C: Without additional weight. The
force is generated by the interaction between the Doppler flow and the
intrinsic mass distribution of the pendulum. Curve D/E: 40 g (CH)x /Pb at the backside
of the nozzle.
The difference between the two values is due to the vertical inclination
of the nozzle axis. In one case the water beam is hitting the baffle wall near
the surface of the water-filling of the vessel. In the other case the beam is
weakly inclined.
Since
the water-filling delivers the biggest contribution on the quotient m/r2 , the intrinsic acceleration can be
interpreted as a reaction of the Doppler flow -emitted from the nozzle and the
baffle wall - with the water-filling. The force on the water-filling is
repelling.
In
the following series of experiments diverse materials (Pb,
(CH) ) are positioned around the root point of the
nozzle outside x of the vessel as dose as possible. In fig.14 this position is
drawn in and designated with 'position A'. In these cases the water beam was
emitted axially.
Fig.
15 additionally shows typical plots of measurements with a weight of 40 g (CH)x (curve D), respectively 40 g lead (curve E) at
the position A.
The
average accelerations measured are:
Pb
: a = +2. *10-6 m/s2
(CH)x
: a = +3.4*10-6 m/s2
This
result can be interpreted in the following way: Only a small part of the
low-density-material (CH)x is penetrated by
the back-side emitted Doppler flow of the nozzle.
With
the aid of the total differential of the force equation of a torsion balance
the relation
(21)
follows, whereat:
a
:
Intensity of acceleration at the position of the m weight
J
:
Moment of inertia of the torsion balance
m
:
Weight of the probe
r
:
Radial position of probe
da : Change in
acceleration
a
:
Acceleration without probe
With
eq. 21 a mass in the position A experiences an
intensity of acceleration of:
a = -1.5*10-5 m/s2
In
summary one can state that the denser the mass, which is packed around the root
point of the nozzle (position A), the more the intrinsic acceleration is
reduced.
By
this two important questions are answered:
i.
The Doppler force emitted upstream to the water beam repels a mass
ii.
The intrinsic acceleration is originated by the downstream (water beam)
emitted part of the Doppler flow which repels the water- filling of the vessel.
This effect is amplified by the absorption flow of Doppler energy at the baffle
wall (see 5.6)
4. Discussion of the 'Open Force' measurement
The result of these measurements indicates the 'Open Force' nature of
the forces. This is the first and most important goal of this investigation.
Further
experiments are in preparation to check the dipole structure of the Doppler
force, which is already discussed in section V.8.3.
Those
effects can be interpreted as a superposing flow of outgoing (nozzle) and
incoming (baffle wall) Doppler radiation at a common axis (see chap.V.2).
To
measure this force distribution around the nozzle-baffle wall- system the
balance has to be improved to detect weaker forces.
VII. Conclusion
It seems likely that the predicted effects from the MMM-theory have
become visible in these experiments; i.e. the Doppler shift delivers a real
energy flow into or from the space that is measurable by means of interacting
forces.
The
flywheel and the nozzle experiment give Information about the existence and
strength of the Doppler force. The 'Open Force' experiment indicates that the
torque of the balance is open and determines the direction of the force in a
reliable manner. The next Steps will be to repeat the measurements with more
sensitive diagnostic tools. Especially the 'Open Force' experiment has to be
repeated in open space without masses around, because it is not to exclude that
the experimental area absorbs a part of the counter-torque of the balance.
The physical consequences, which come up with the Doppler force are now
shortly discussed:
The
energy law can be considered as a: 'Procedure relaying on the momentum
law'(MMM).
But
the fact that the Doppler force is not closed means that we have to handle the
momentum law itself carefully, because the Doppler flow for example interacts
with the unlimited mass m of the system S (see chap.II)
and deposes there an unlimited momentum.
However,
the Doppler flow emitted on both sides of the MMM-axis is statistically
penetrating the same amount of masses on its way through the space, generating
equal momenta, so that the law of momentum is valid
in the system: Photon, mirror masses. Doppler flow and mass
of the universe.
But,
locally and inner of a limited interval of time, neither the conservation of
momentum nor the conservation of energy is valid in the light of the MMM-theory
and the experimental investigations presented in this paper.
After
all in these terms the homogeneity of space and time (see chap.I)
seems to be weakly disturbed in the vicinity of processes with power
conversion.
References
1/
Landau, Lifschitz, Mechanik, Band I, Akademische
Verlagsgesellschaft
Frankfurt, S. 16-22 (1961)
2/ A.
Einstein, Grundzüge der Relativitätstheorie, Vieweg
& Sohn,
Braunschweig, Erstausgabe 1922, S. 93 (1973)